Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye     The issue with most first individual accounts is that there is just one perspective. In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caufield shares his past encounters as an upset young person. The whole story is told through his own upset brain, which regularly mutilates the encounters. Salinger depicts the explanation for Holden's youthfulness by exhibiting his deceitful characteristics.   The vast majority of Holden's perspectives negate themselves on account of Holden's own disarray. This disarray blinds him from having the option to understand that a large portion of his analysis is against himself. Salinger unmistakably presents this after Stradlader hits Holden. All that blood and such a made me look intense. I'd just been in around two battles throughout my life, and I lost them two. I'm not all that extreme. I'm a radical, in the event that you need to know the truth(46). Despite the fact that Holden appreciates to see himself pummeled, he negates himself by announcing he is a quiet individual. Salinger uses these logical inconsistencies to uncover how problematic Holden's perceptions are.   Salinger additionally delineates Holden's adolescence through the judgment of his companions and seniors. Holden's thwarted expectation of good individuals modifies the genuine character of every individual he meets. Holden even censures his new cohorts, whom he has not meet yet. It's brimming with fakes/.../and you need to continue making trust you care the slightest bit if the football crew loses, and everything you do is discussion about young ladies and alcohol and sex all day(131). Because Holden is awkward in his school, he wants to object to everybody. Salinger abuses this youthfulness to outline the explanation behind Holden's dejection and disarray.   All through the story Salinger acquaints characters that really bid with Holden, which give him direction and cause him to feel better about himself. Mr. Antolini is one of these individuals. Holden appears to be sad as he continued looking for bliss, however Mr. Antolini guides him the correct way. Considerably after all the assistance, he despite everything figures out how to investigate Mr. Antolini. What he was doing was, he was perched on the floor directly close to the love seat, in obscurity and all, and he was kind of petting me or applauding me on the goddam head(192).

Isoelectronic Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Nirvana - Band Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nirvana - Band Review - Essay Example His decisive self destruction flagged a significant misfortune to the music condition and checked one of the critical occasions of 1990s music. Indeed, even with the fantastical idea of Cobain’s story, the force and knowledge of his music is maybe the most moving component of Nirvana. While for the most part worried about the agonies and tension of presence, Nirvana’s collections length a wide-scope of feelings. It’s inside this setting I have come to incredibly identify with their music. While it was not the primary collection of Nirvana’s that I heard or about their most famous record, the main full-length collection that Nirvana discharged was Bleach. Fade has been a significant collection to my life for some reasons. One of the essential viewpoints that I value this record is that it has a crude edge that the later Nirvana records don’t have. In numerous respects, a portion of the subjects on this record are equivalent to on later Nirvana record s; in fact, ‘About a Girl’ is even highlighted on these later records. ... For all intents and purposes each tune on this collection is profoundly sincerely charged and holding. This was the main Nirvana collection I found. I tuned in to this collection in a period of extraordinary despondency in my life, after my sweetheart and I had separated. The power of feeling and profound inclination talked the downturn I was feeling on a level that other music couldn’t. I likewise accept the collection was fruitful for addressing the difficulties of socialization and battling one’s path through an educational domain that was periodically brutal and testing. While other music endeavors to address these developing agonies, periodically the feelings contained in those collections seem to be constrained and to some degree created. When tuning in to Nirvana’s ‘Nevermind’ I was really ready to take comfort in a record that I felt understanding the agony and difficulties I was looking in endeavoring to relate and make due in a cool social atmosphere. Regarding explicit tracks, I’ve consistently felt like ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’ talked legitimately to my anxiety at feeling like I didn’t fit in with the well known group. While a great deal of people put-down Nirvana for being discouraging music, or reprimanding Kurt Cobain for at last ending it all, I locate an alternate point of view on this music. For me it speaks to a vital reaction to inquiries of life that frequently go unanswered. I accept that in incredible part the idea of the music is endeavoring to get a handle on with parts of life that are uncalled for. For what reason accomplish increasingly alluring individuals get the chance to appreciate certain parts of presence that others don’t? For what reason do a few people feel more discouraged than others? Why these may appear to be basic and trite inquiries,

Injuries in High School Athletics

Wounds in High School Athletics Wounds are a section each game, regardless of what you do to attempt to forestall them they will occur. Consistently a great many teenagers take part in secondary school games and without a doubt, a significant number of them get harmed. About 7.2 million youngsters take an interest in secondary school games and an announced number of 1,442,533 US understudy competitors get harmed. No one needs to get a physical issue since when you do you either need to sit out on the seat or not play at your best.Of all the secondary school sport the main game with the most wounds are football, trailed by wrestling, soccer, and afterward b-ball. In each game, more players were harmed in an opposition setting then a work on setting. In any case, what could be the reason for such huge numbers of wounds? Some state that their mentors are pushing understudy competitors excessively hard. Numerous sports have the mentality to ‚âwin at all costs.‚ÂEnglish: A perspective on the Centers for Diseas e Control...With that sort of a disposition adolescents are propelling themselves path past their cutoff points and getting injured as a result of it. Mentors should realize their players cutoff points and attempt to get them to do the best that they can.Some of the more typical sorts of wounds for secondary school competitors are intense wounds which are wounds that are brought about by an injury. This incorporates broken bones, torn tendons, eye wounds, blackouts, and spinal string wounds. Another sort of injury is abuse wounds. This sort of injury occurs from redundant developments or activities that put weight on bones or muscles. Anyone who plays a game can build up an abuse injury, the additional time you spend on the game the almost certain you will build up an abuse injury. It is imperative to get abuse wounds analyzed and treated before they form into bigger constant issues. Another regular injury...

Motivation and leadership - company organization Assignment

Inspiration and administration - organization association - Assignment Example Along these lines, it is of critical significance the Two Factor Theory advanced by Hertzberg draws in with the representative and looks to advance a level of fulfillment, fearlessness, and appreciation. Individuals for the most part dont leave their associations because of monetary issues, they leave in light of issues identifying with fulfillment and a sentiment of thankfulness for their work.â â All, what are a few different ways administrators can assist representatives with feeling along these lines? Right off the bat, it is important for the executives paying little heed to the compensation level that they are equipped for using on their workers bestow to them an incomparable feeling of appreciation for their devotion, time, and administration. Moreover, there are numerous other non-financial manners by which businesses can reach and show a feeling of appreciation and thankfulness for the work for their representatives. Also, regardless of whether salary increases are impractical, it is conceivable to perceive and compensate prevalent help by conceding advancements and advantages to key investors. Inspiration is for the most part from inside as an element of how the executives tries to perceive and compensate the activities of key investors; nonetheless, it is likewise conceived incompletely from outer factors in that the gainfulness of the firm and determinants, for example, this are key manners by which work to influence the representatives comprehension of their job inside the association and the level to which they should feel

Nursing School Scholarship Essay Sample - Get a Free Writing Sample

Nursing School Scholarship Essay Sample - Get a Free Writing SampleIf you're interested in pursuing a career in nursing, then you've probably already taken some sort of nursing school scholarship essay sample. It's a common practice that is used to see if your resume is acceptable and if you have the ability to present yourself in the best possible way.However, are these samples available for free writing sample? While it can be done by using a standard email application, some agencies offer great prizes if you will complete these samples for them. Of course, there are also many websites that are offering these writing samples for free.Most of these websites provide top incentive for those who take the time to submit the essay samples. This means that all they require is that you submit the sample, and you can have free writing samples.This is an excellent way to see if you can get a good deal on your essay samples because you won't have to pay any money or charge any membership fees . Most of these places will allow you to write the sample right on their website or even in your email so that you don't have to type anything up.Another site that allows you to submit your writing samples for free is the site of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. You can find out more about them online. It would be a good idea to check them out to see if you can get free samples through them.You should find out if the sites that you are going to use are either good and reputable or not. This way, you can avoid any scam sites that you will have to lose money or get scammed.These sites will actually let you choose if you want to submit for free essay samples or not. The sites that only let you choose if you will pay for the writing samples are the scam sites.Now that you know the benefits of getting free writing samples, you should probably do it. You won't have to worry about money, so you won't have to feel bad about charging someone money to get something y ou want or need.

Civilization and Capitalism Essay - 1650 Words

Civilization and Capitalism (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date: Civilization and capitalismJurgis Rudkus in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, a naive young immigrant from Lithuania to Chicago is a character used by Sinclair to build up on the theme of the evils of capitalism in the novel. Throughout the novel, Jurgis suffers under the hands of capitalist Americans until almost at the end of the novel, he does not only see the evils of capitalism, but also embraces socialism. Jurgis constant challenge with capitalism is best brought out through the treatment he undergoes under capitalist employers who have helped him kill his American Dream due to his naivety. Towards the end of the novel, Sinclair brings about the idea of socialism as an alternative to capitalism through Jurgis. Reinforcing the claim by Sigmund Freud in Civilization and its Discontents that: if private property were abolished, all wealth held in common, and everyone allowed to share in the enjoyment of it, ill-will and hostility would disa ppear among men (Freud 60).The book starts with Jurgis at his veselijaa wedding feast in a hall at Packingtown near Chicago stockyards. The place is called so as this is the center of the meat-packing industry. The wedding is carried on according to the Lithuanian traditions. Oblivious of the fact that they are in Chicago, he follows Lithuanian traditions which have it that hungry people are let in the wedding to eat to their fill which Jurgis agrees with. Male guests mark the ceremony by forming a circle an each dances with the bride giving her some money to cater for the expenses of the wedding. This is the first instance that Jurgis displays his naivety and oblivion of the dishonest people in Chicago. In the center stands the bride, and, one by one, the men step into the enclosure and dance with her. Each dances for several minutes... he drops a sum of moneya dollar, or perhaps five dollars, according to his power, and his estimate of the value of the privilege. The guests are e xpected to pay for his entertainment (Sinclair 15).Jurgis guests however do not have money and they start leaving the party after eating to fill and without giving money. His wife Ona gets scared they might not get money to pay but Jurgis assures her he would work hard to pay the money. Jurgis, together with other members had moved to the United States as immigrants in pursuit of the American dream of better paying jobs. Arriving at Chicago, things are quite different as they are directed to a miserable and overcrowded boarding house owned by a poverty-stricken woman where they would then spend almost their entire life. At first, finding a job is very hard for Jurgis even though he possesses qualities of a very abled man. He is very confident of his ability to work. Eventually he finds a job of cleaning the innards of slaughtered animals at the slaughterhouse.It is at this point that Sinclair introduces us through Jurgis, his theme of capitalism and the challenges that Jurgis underg oes in his jobs. As Freud asserts;Normally, there is nothing of which we are more certain than the feeling of our self, of our own ego. This ego appears to us something autonomous (Freud 13).Jurgis is very ambitious at the beginning when he goes to Chicago. He promises Ona that he is going to work hard when the guests leave without paying. In addition, he also advices Teta Elzbieta and the children not to work because the former is old and the children need to go to school. He feels that his ambitions are not limited by outside forces and that hard work will pay. Indeed, he works hard when he gets a job to be able to reach his goal. Jurgis is very oblivious of the fact that his life and thus his ambitions are controlled by the capitalist employers who takes advantage of their naivety to enrich themselves. This single aspect of living as an immigrant in Chicago renders his life in the United States a challenge. He gets little pay even though he works very hard in the butcheries and u nder very unhealthy conditions. The control of the life of immigrants by the businessmen can be attributed to the notion of private property which drives them to want to accumulate more and more. Freud talks of private property as a driving force towards such aggression to want to own more and more. He says thatIn abolishing private property we deprive the human love of aggression of one of its instruments (Freud 60).Freud here implies that it is this kind of aggression that makes America unsuitable for the immigrants as they often do not have enough private property to harbor such power. Freud continues on to explain the connection between the poor working conditions of the health workers for the sake of profiting the employer when he asserts thatwe have in no way altered the differences in power and influence which are misused by aggressiveness, nor have we altered anything in its nature. Aggressiveness was not created by property (Freud 60). Meaning that; the natural tendency of aggression is aggravated by possession of property. As long as Jurgis and other immigrants are working to enrich the business men more, their status as immigrants deteriorates. This character is best illustrated by the saloonkeeper where he cons Jurgis in beer sales.when the time came he always came to you scratching his head and saying that he had guessed too low, but that he had done his bestyour guests had gotten so very drunk. By him you were sure to be cheated unmercifully, and that even though you thought yourself the dearest of the hundreds of friends he had. (Sinclair 18). As times goes, Jurgis life become increasingly difficult and he begins to realize how wrong he was about the American Dream. At some point he is unable to feed the entire family especially when Jonas disappears. This sees another sacrifice that Jurgis makes towards capitalism. To make the matters worse, he at some point while working sprains his ankle and is forced to stay without a job for three months. This is the point where capitalism demands most from him. His dreams are now shattered. He is desperate as he cannot make a living. Against his own principles, he has to let the children work so as to feed the family.So it was finally decided that two more of the children would have to leave school... there was no reason why their family should starve when tens of thousands of children no older were earning their own livings (Sinclair 132). Selling newspapers was also filled with difficulties as there were conmen as well as people who had demarcated territories where they only would sell newspapers. Capitalism here is manifested in a different aspect; the contrast between the minority who enjoyed the advantages of civilization and a majority who were robbed of those advantages (Freud 62). As fate has it, Jurgis as an immigrant is in the majority group. He is severely disadvantaged by civilization. Jurgis naivety also results into his irrational behavior especially when he beats up t he children for being robbed. His ideals do not let him understand the wicked nature of the streets. Chapters 14 through 20 are marked by Jurgis aggressive character. At first, he attacks Conor for raping Ona. He is then arrested and a farce judgment is made where he is sentenced to 30days in jail. His pleas to the judge that he is the family provider bears no fruits and while in jail, learns of the slew misfortunes that hits his family as a result. Connor has practically made it hard for the family to get jobs. Eventually, they are thrown out of the house they had bought since they were not ab...

The Role of Attachment in Infancy Is Vital in Subsequent...

â€Å"Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space† McLeod (2009), as a core component of social and emotional development, the necessity and role of caregivers is a heavily researched area. Theories differ on the impairment that a crippled or complete lack of attachment causes to an infant in terms of social, emotional or intellectual development. These theories range from Harlow’s unethical work with infant rhesus monkeys to Chisholm’s study of Romanian orphans, the work remains relevant however in order to be aware of how to support or setback the deleterious affects that studies appear to be congruent on occur in infants of abuse or that have been abandoned. The paper Total†¦show more content†¦Within an ideal attachment relationship as suggested by Mary Ainsworth (1963, 1967) in the strange situation procedure, the caregiver acts as a secure base where to the infant can return during exploration of the environment if the infant feels insecure or fearful. John Bowlby (1969, 1988) proposed the maternal deprivation hypothesis based on the belief that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments to a caregiver, founded upon the caregivers ability to respond appropriately to the infants needs. The maternal deprivation hypothesis proposes long-term damage due to absence of attachment with a caregiver during the critical or sensitive period, within the first two to three years of life. Caregivers responses to emotional cues through such things as affect attunement, in which the care-giver is sensitive and attuned to the infants emotions, as well as the care-givers own representation of their childhood experiences, as indic ated by such thing such as AAI are known to predict infant attachment to a caregiver. The AAI or ‘Adult Attachment Interview’ (George et al., 1996) is a semi-structured questionnaire focusing on the participant’s experience of their childhood relativeShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology : Laser Student Number : Ruby Kiddi1624 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2014 Attachment Theory 1. Define attachment, including reference to key theorists/researchers in this field and the contributions they have made. Attachment style theory describes the type of attachment an infant has with its mother or other main care giver which is generally first observed in a child around 5 to 7 months of age and may continue to shape them and their relationships for the rest of their lives (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2011; Downey Feldman, 1996). Attachment is an affectionateRead MoreJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1423 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Bowlby’s theory of attachment asserts that an infant forms an attachment to the primary caregiver to ensure survival. Developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth furthered this idea by devising attachment styles in infants. Ainsworth believed that the quality of care given by the mother or primary caregiver results in the infant developing a secure or insecure attachment. Ainsworth identified three attachment styles, namely; secure, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachments. As the word infers,Read MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights And The Poisonwood Bible146 8 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society. The consequences of abuse and neglect affect a wide range of categories from health and physical development; to intellectual and cognitive development; to emotional and psychological development; and social and behavioral development. In many instances, more than one type of abuse or neglect is involved, resulting in developmental delays in multiple categories. One development area always affected is behavior, as the states of all other parts factor into how a person reacts to surroundingRead MoreAttachment Theory and the Kibbutz Society5271 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction 2 1.1- Thesis statement 3 1.2- Definition of terms 4 PART 2 5 2- Research description 5 Literature review 5 2.1- Attachment Theory 5 2.2- Growing in Kibbutz 8 2.3- Intervention programs 9 2.4- Physical issues 9 2.5- Mothers sensitivity to infant cues 10 2.6- Externalizing and its impact on children 10 Research design 11 Method 11 Findings 11 Emotional unavailability 11 Complication in mother-infant relationship 12 Limitations 12 PART 3 13 3- Historical background 13 PARTRead More Separation Anxiety and Attachment in Infants and Toddlers Essay2897 Words   |  12 Pagesmight make them wonder if they are causing their child undue stress. Separation anxiety has been studied for many years beginning with documentation by David Levy (Karen, 1998) in 1937 who was interested in Ââ€Å"Â’maternal overprotectionÂ’ – the emotional impact of mothers who are anxious, overly cautious, and generally infantilizing of their young† (Karen, 1998, 16). His study involved several young children who had not had maternal care as infants and seemed unable to connect emotionally with theirRead MoreBonding And Attachment Between Mothers And Their Children5089 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction Bonding or attachment between mothers and their children has been a topic of research for many decades. John Bowlby, a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst began his work with attachment began in the early 1950 s and continued through 1990. His theories, along with Mary Ainsworth s research, an American-Canadian developmental psychologist, was the basis for Attachment Theory. Ainsworth and Bowlby s collaboration on attachment eventually led to the current classificationRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesTHE ATTACHMENT THEORY AN EVALUTION OF THE ATTACHMENT THEORY WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN CARE Gail Walters Dissertation Social Work BA (HONS) Manchester Metropolitan University Tutor: Pauline Black CONTENTS Pages Abstract Read MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pageserik eriksons psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more informationRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 PagesAdolescent development: The development of children ages 12 through 19 years old is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and socialRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 PagesAdolescent development: The development of children ages 12 through 19 years old is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and

Analysis Of The Movie The Wire - 916 Words

Last time SPQ spoke with actor and Pittsburgh native Carl Clemons, he was part of HBO’s awarding winning series â€Å"The Wire.† Since the show’s conclusion, Carl has kept himself busy with the continued development of his craft through multiple acting roles. â€Å"I have learned a lot these past few years through my own trails tribulations working in the film business,† he shared. One such test of patience, strength and endurance happened during the filming of â€Å"South Paw† here in Pittsburgh, produced by another Pittsburgh native Antione Fuqua. Carl said that he went to try out for a feature role, but was not chosen. Not to take rejection and the chance to work with the award-winning director, he humbled himself and accepted a role as a movie extra. Also starring in the movie was his friend Tyrese Gibson. One day Tyrese saw him and asked Carl, what was he doing playing an extra? After Carl told him the story, Tyrese went Fuqua and let him kno w about Carl’s talents. Carl was then given the role as Tyrese’s character’s friend in the film. In the final cut, not only was Tyrese’s character cut from the film, but so was Carl’s. That’s the way it goes in the film business, you never know what or who is going to be left on the editing floor. But out of this rocky experience Carl has grown as an actor and understands the uncertainty of working as an actor. Another similar experience happened in the film â€Å"Out of the Furnace,† with Christian Bale (filmed in Pittsburgh andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Wire 922 Words   |  4 Pages The first time SPQ interviewed actor and Pittsburgh native Carl Clemons, he was part of HBO’s awarding winning series â€Å"The Wire.† Since the show’s conclusion, he has kept himself working as an actor in a variety of acting roles. â€Å"These past few years I have experienced personal trails tribulations. W orking in the film business is not as easy as it seems.† Carl shared. There is saying in the film business that many great scenes are left on the cutting floor; it’s not an idle phrase, butRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie No Wire Hangers 891 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"No wire hangers!† What would be a normal thing to find in an average persons home is not accepted in Joan Crawford’s home. This posses the question why in the movie Mommie Dearest does Mrs. Crawford have a dilemma with wire hangers in her closet? Why does she have so many mental complications in general? Although to the public, Joan seems like a striving successful actress she obviously has some underlying issues. She has developed her personality disorders her whole life, but how she got them isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Man On Wire 1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie, Man on Wire is a documentary about wire-walker, Philippe Petit, who proves his impossible, yet inspiring dream above the clouds between the World Trade Center’s Twin Towers was indeed possible. During this documentary, Petit magically walked and danced across a wire, leaving the audience filled with suspense and extremely sweaty palms. This project, completed by James Marsh, was truly a job well done, because of the way he has Petit narrate the documentary and how he recounts the eventsRead MoreTheme Of Personality Disorder In The Movie Mommie Dearest1177 Words   |  5 Pagesbe defined as patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and may distress the affected individual. A great deal of these disorders go unnoticed, and/or undiagnosed. One way to learn how to identify these disorders is through movie analysis. For example, the film â€Å"Mommie Dearest†, directed by Frank Perry, is a story about Joan Crawford and her struggles with personality disorders. Joan Crawford demonstrates the personality disorders of Bipolar Disorder, Histrionic Disorder, NarcissisticRead MoreMommie Dearest : Movie Analysis1325 Words   |  6 Pagespersonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability to cope with everyday life. Personality disorders are patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and may distress the affected individual (Rathus, 2010). One way to learn how to identify these disorders is through movie analysis. Movies can help the understanding of psychological and personality disorders because people can get a better understanding from a â€Å"show me, not tell me† aspect. It is hard for a student to understand what these disorders actually are unless,Read MoreFaradays Law1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe voltage across it changes the way it does when the north or south pole of rod shaped magnet is moved into and then back out of the center of a coil of wire at various speeds. No calculations are required in this activity, just thinking! Figure 1: The north pole of a cylindrical magnet is: (a) moving into the center of a coil of wire; (b) reversing direction; and then (c) moving out of the coil. The coil’s voltage vs. time is recorded with a computer interfaced voltage probe. TheoreticalRead MoreMomie Dearest : Psychological Disorders In The Movie Mommie Dearest1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand motion pictures to detect and analyze disorders. For example, in the movie â€Å"Mommie Dearest†, it is not hard to identify the psychological and personality disorders Joan Crawford possesses, despite not being trained psychologists. After viewing the movie and analyzing the character, it is clear to see the Joan Crawford possesses the disorders of Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissism, and Bipolar disorders. Throughout the movie Mommie Dearest, it is clear that the most prominent personality disorderRead MoreEssay on Production Report1087 Words   |  5 PagesThriller Movie, a Children’s Television Programme, A magazine or a Radio Advert. After looking at them carefully, I decided to produce an opening sequence of a Thriller Movie. The sequence had to be at least two minutes long. For this I had to Analysis three existing Media Texts, make a storyboard for my movie, a script for the story, planning a schedule, making the actual production, etc. when I was thinking of the filming, I had to think of a thriller movie that wouldRead MoreThe Film War Horse By Michael Morpurgo1575 Words   |  7 Pagesits viewers would not see War Horse as a true representative of what the war was really like. It is how the use of camera movement in War Horse connected to almost all movie goers, even though it goes against a ‘conventional Hollywood movie script’ (Madigan 2012, 48) that will be the starting point of the films camerawork analysis. Unlike Pulp Fiction there is a linear narrative present meaning spectators need to be able to clearly follow and understand the actions and events portrayed. An establishingRead MoreMovie Analysis: M vs. Bicycle Thieves Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of M and Bicycle Thieves One thing that both movies, M and Bicycle Thieves, share collectively is the open ending; both movies make audiences interpret their own perception or ending of the movies. Also, both movies contain a sense of tragedy in the final scenes; in the movie M, I felt somewhat sympathetic toward the mentally ill killer even though I knew he was the serial killer and might be pretending to get away. The feeling of sympathy toward the serial killer in the presence of his

Response Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow...

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power and how the Supreme Court tolerates this injustice. Statistics show that African Americans commit only fifteen percent of drug offenses, yet they comprise up to 90% of incarcerations for drug offenses in communities throughout the country. Besides that, although the†¦show more content†¦Although some victims of this type of abuse took legal action and attested that the war on drugs is racially unjust, their claims were rejected and disregarded by the court. â€Å"The Supreme Court has made it virtually im possible to challenge racial bias in the criminal justice system under the Fourteenth Amendment, and it has barred litigation of such claims under federal civil rights laws as well.† (Alexander 106) For instance in the McCleskey vs. Kemp case, the real matter in question was whether the court would permit racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. The sentence given to McCleskey was the Court’s reply, â€Å"racial bias would be tolerated––virtually to any degree––as long as no one admitted it.† (Alexander 107) So in reality, the Supreme Court has sanctioned racial bias in the criminal justice system and policing instead of opting for rules prohibiting it. The facts speak for themselves, people of color are the enemies and targets in the war on drugs. They also tell us that fighting back is useless due to the racial bias that is inherent in the criminal justice system. This might come as a surprise to the majority that belie ve discrimination is no longer in existence, considering that it is a black man living in the White House. Ever since Barack Obama pledged to serve as the forty-fourth presidentShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration of the Racial Undercaste3337 Words   |  14 Pagesform of mass incarceration, and what kinds of effects mass incarceration has on a community. In this paper, I will briefly examine a range of issues surrounding the mass incarceration of black and Latino males, the development of a racial undercaste because of rising incarceration rates, women and children’s involvement and roles they attain in the era of mass incarceration, and the economic importance that the prison system has due to its development. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow:

The Final Girl free essay sample

One of the more important, if not groundbreaking, accounts/recuperations of the horror film from a feminist perspective is Carol Clovers Men, Women, and Chainsaw. One of the books major points concerns the structural positioning of what she calls the Final Girl in relation to spectatorship. While most theorists label the horror film as a male-driven/male-centered genre, Clover points out that in most horror films, especially the slasher film, the audience, male and female, is structurally forced to identify with the resourceful young female (the Final Girl) who survives the serial attacker and usually ends the threat (until the sequel anyway). So while the narratively dominant killers subjective point of view may be male within the narrative, the male viewer is still rooting for the Final Girl to overcome the killer. We can see this operating archetypically in Halloween (Jamie Lee Curtis, 1978), Friday the 13th (Betsy Palmer, 1980), Eyes of a Stranger (Jennifer Jason Leigh, 1981), and A Nightmare on Elm Street (Heather Langenkamp, 1984). We will write a custom essay sample on The Final Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the books central strengths is the direct simplicity of its central premise: taking the classic Laura Mulvey male-centered identification process of sadistic-voyeur and flipping it around to a masochistic-voyeur (by having the identification process shift to the usually female victim/Final Girl). Vis-a-vis the Mulvian argument against male-driven cinematic pleasure, Clover does for the horror film what Gaylyn Studlar did for the Sternberg-Dietrich films: swapping the Post-Oedipal, male voyeuristic-sadistic impulse for a more feminine, Pre-Oedipal masochistic impulse. In psychoanalytical terms, sadism is post-Oedipal, meaning that it takes shape when identification shifts from the mother to the father. Masochism, deriving pleasure from ones own pain or submission, is pre-Oedipal and takes place when the mother is all powerful and is the source of the childs identification (from the womb to the breast). In the pre-Oedipal stage the child takes pleasure in this pure submission to the mother. (Fellini once said a similar thing about why his films are populated with large, motherly women and motherly prostitutes: because of middle aged men not wanting to let go of that pleasure of unadorned submission. In relating this to the Sternberg/Dietrich films, the implication is that one can also identify with the submissive male or female character one finds in each of the films. When turning this over to the horror film, as in the traditional slasher film, the spectator assumes a submissive position whenever they identify with the female victim, and more importantly, the female heroine.

Financial Accounting Business Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting for Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the subject of financial accounting. During this study, the focus is made on the current approach that the business organizations follow to accounting for the liabilities. In the beginning, the study discusses and analyzes the shortfalls in the current definition of the liabilities in the modern business context. At the same time, the discussion focuses on the influence of current accounting approach to the liabilities on the profit overstatement. After that, the study analyses whether the definition or the current accounting approach for the liabilities needs to be changed or not. Proper justifications are provided for each argument in the study. Discussing about the shortfall of the current definition for liabilities As per the current approach for liabilities accounting, liability refers to the economic benefits in terms of future sacrifice that an organization is liable to pay to other party or other organizations against the past transactions (Scott 2016). The resultant liability transactions or events should be settled between the parties that involves transfer of assets, use of assets, provision of business services or transfer of funds. Liability is considered as an obligation that is legally binding that incorporates accounts payable, interest payable, accrued liabilities and other payables (Rosen 2016). Besides, accounting of liabilities requires a company to recognize the amount of liability as a credit balance in the account of liability. However, accounting of liability requires to classify the liabilities as per the nature and type of obligation that is classification as per short- term and long- term and contingent liability (Arnold, Harris and Liu 2016). In several cases, liability also includes environmental liability, which refers to an obligation resulting in future payments because of the past transactions or if the liability resulted from the harm caused by environmental damage. Liabilities also include contractual obligations, deferred revenues, deposits for customers and other outstanding payments. It can be said that the accounting of liabilities should be done appropriately by considering the relevant definition stated in the principles and standards of accounting. Many organizations fail to recognize the liabilities appropriately due to several shortfalls in the liabilities definition when it is applicable to the potentially negative environmental situation (Penner, Kreuze and Langsam 2016). Current definition of liability states that liabilities occur as present obligation due to past events, which does not provide clear understanding to many organizational management and therefore fails to recognize as and when it occurs. For instance, liability occurred with respect to interest payable against the amount of term loans borrowed from bank is required to be recognized as liability since the end of the first year. However, due to lack of clear understanding of definition of liability, organizations fail to recognize the liability on interest payable in the first year (Kumar a nd Misra 2016). Another shortfall in the current definition of liability consists of clear understanding on classification of liabilities as per the nature and terms of occurrence. Accounting of liabilities depends on the nature of liabilities that involves short- term, long- term and contingent liability. There are certain liabilities arise as contingent liabilities that are disclosed under notes to the accounts in the financial report and not in the income statement or balance sheet (Song 2016). Considering the current definition, many organizations fail to classify liabilities appropriately that results in incorrect recognition in the financial statements. Shortfall in the current definition of liability involves lack of providing importance and impact on the cash flow of the organization results in inappropriate accounting in the financial statements (Irwin 2016). Such shortfall in the definition of liability provides impact on the organizational financial statements when the same is applicable to the environmental situations that are potentially negative. Overstatement of profit due to shortfall in definition of liabilities Liabilities are considered to be one of the essential components of financial information which represents the financial position of the organization in terms of amount of obligation that company owes to other parties (Parmar 2016). Accordingly, it is important for the organizations to recognize and represent the transactions of liabilities to provide true and fair financial position during the financial year. Inappropriate of accounting for liabilities result in misstatements in financial statements that represents incorrect profitability and incorrect financial position of the business organization (Jrgensen 2016). In case the transaction of liability is not recognized by the organization for the accounting year in which the liability actually occurred, then the financial statements would not reflect the correct financial information (Mudel 2016). For example, if the amount of liability occurred during the current financial year, it is required to be recognized in the current years financial statements as per the requirement of liabilitys definition. However, if the organization fails to record the amount of liability as and when it occurs i.e. in the current year, the financial statement would be reflecting inappropriate result while the profits would reflect overstated balance (Ratnatunga 2016). Further, inappropriate recognition of liability that may occur due to probable mistakes in identifying the transactions as liability would result in overstatement of profits. Provisions on assets or bad debts include liability that should be recognized as current liability in the statement of financia l position. Therefore, if the organization commits mistake in measuring correct amount of provision, then the operating activities would be recognized at higher cost resulting in overstated profits during the financial year. Other liabilities involve identification of contingent liability inappropriate accounting of which results in overstatement in organizational profitability. As per the definition of liability, contingent liability refers to the potential obligation that occurs due to tentative future event, amount of which is estimated on reasonable basis and disclosed in the financial statements under the notes to the accounts (Weidner 2016). Accordingly, if the organization fails to recognize the contingent liability correctly as well as fails to determine correct amount, then the cost of respective event would reflect lower balance and therefore, amount of profit might reflect overstated balance (Bhasin 2016). In addition, there are certain transactions occur in the business activities that represent both the feature of cost and liabilities. Hence, the organization is required to classify correctly the cost and liability component because recognition of cost affects the income statement while liability component affects the statement of financial position. Accordingly, if the cost component is included in the liability component of the transaction, the same would be recognized in the balance sheet instead of income statement and consequently, the same would reflect overstated profits. Moreover, overstatement of profitability in the financial statement of the organization results due to lack of creating correct provisions on debtors i.e. provision for bad and doubtful debtors (Moehrle et al. 2016). Considering the sales transaction of the organization, it includes credit sales for which provision for doubtful payments and bad debts is required to be estimated and recognized as liability. If the organization fails to estimate such provision, amount of sales would be recognized at higher value reflecting overstated profit. Importance in accounting if it fails to capture the information Identification of liability is important for appropriate accounting, information of which reflects true and fair view of the companys financial performance as well as financial performance. As the amount of liability represents the companys total obligation to be paid in future due to past events, it is recorded in the statement of financial position based on the reasonable estimates and historical judgments (Mudel 2016). Correct identification and accounting of liabilities in the business organization is particularly relevant during the potential impact of the environment on production and disposal of materials in the manufacturing process. It is essential to recognize the correct value of costs and liabilities even in the operating activities for the purpose of determining correct financial information of the company (Song 2016). In case, the accounting of the company fails to capture the relevant information on appropriate understanding of liabilities it matters because incorrect understanding would result in wrong estimation of liabilities that would affect the true result of financial performance. If the organizational accounting fails to capture the information on appropriate recognition criteria of liabilities in the current financial year, it will disclose incorrect accounting balance in the financial statements i.e. income statement as well as balance sheet (Moehrle et al. 2016). As per the principles and standards on accounting, it is essential to recognize the transactions and financial information at fair value and as per the best estimates so that the true and fair result can be obtained (Ratnatunga 2016). Further, in case the liabilities with respect to provisions on doubtful debts or long- term liabilities is classified and recorded incorrectly, the same would result in overstated profit and fals e information to the present and potential investors. Accordingly, organizational accounting is required to understand the concept of definition of liabilities to recognize it in correctly so that the transparent financial information can be determined. However, failure to capture the appropriate information on accounting of liabilities may occur especially during the negative environmental situation that results in presenting correct business information in terms of social and environmental impact. Such misrepresentation affect the sustainability of the organization as it is disclosed in the sustainability report for the current financial year. Misrepresentation of liabilities in the statement of financial position of the company reflects incorrect financial result as well as incorrect amount of obligations that the company owes to other parties. Such misappropriation represents incorrect information on current ratio; cost of capital that involves long- term debt along with the weighted average cost of capital. Further, in case the amount of short- term liability or long- term liability is classified as contingent liability, then the same would be eliminated from the accounting of financial statements and disclosed in the notes to the accounts. Such error in considering and classification of liability would overstate the profit and reflect inappropriate financial information to the investors and other stakeholders. Analyzing whether the definition of liability should be changed or not As per the current definition liability stated by International Financial Reporting Standards, a liability is the present obligation of the business organizations, which is resulting from the past events and which is expected to cause the outflow of the firms resources in order to gain some economic benefits (Demerjian, Donovan and Larson 2016). However, as identified in the above discussion that there are some shortfalls in the current definition of liability that the business organizations follow. In the discussion, it has been identified the current definition of liability does not provide any clear classification regarding the short-term liabilities, long term liabilities and contingent liabilities (Metzger 2016). Due to this, sometimes the actual financial position of the company is not reflected by its financial statements or report. This indicates that the definition of liability must provide the clear guidance that how the business organizations or accountants should classify the liabilities in to short term, long term and contingent liabilities (Oulasvirta 2016). This will make the accounting tasks easier and at the same time, this will also help the business organizations disclosing their actual financial position clearly (Myers 2016). At the same time, the reliability of the financial statements of the company will increase more (Couch and Wu 2016). The above discussion has also mentioned that in the current definition of liability, nothing has been mentioned about the time duration within which the business organizations must account for their liabilities. If the current definition of the liability is analyzed critically, then it can be identified that in that definition, it has been mentioned that the liability is the present obligation of the business organization, which is resulted from the past activities (Kahiya and Kahiya 2017). This may confuse the accountant or the business organizations regarding the timing within which they must account for the liabilities. Therefore, it is very important to specify the timing to account for the liability in the definition of liability. However, in this context, Wu et al. (2017) mentioned that when the companies are accounting for the transactions for a particular financial year, it is obvious that they must account for their liabilities in the same year in which the liabilities have generated. From this point of view, it cannot be said that there is any mistake in the current definition of the liability for which the definition needs to be changed. On the contrary, Cade, Ikuta and Koonce (2016) stated that the understanding of each person can differ. Hence, if the definition is not clear then the accounting techniques, which are based on the human understandings, may also differ. Apart from these, the above discussion has also stated that the current definition of liability does not provide any clue regarding the impact of liability on the cash inflows of the organization. The companies sometimes do not account for the liability fully in the year, in which the liability has been generated (Swieringa 2016). The comp anies do this in order to overstate their profits. It does not increase the cash inflows of the organization (Bolla, Wittig and Kohler 2016). However, if the definition itself indicates the impact of liability on the cash flow of the organization, then it may stop this kind of activity. Therefore, from this discussion, it can be said that current definition of liability must be changed and the new definition must consider the factors like, classification of liabilities, impact of liability on the cash flow and the time span within which the company must accounting for the liabilities. Identifying the broader ramifications for accounting and business due to the accurate capture of liabilities In the above discussions, it has been identified that current definition of liability does not provide complete guideline to the accounting for liabilities. The discussions have also indicated the definition of the liability must be changed so that the accounting for the liabilities can be done more accurately. However, if the liabilities are accounted or captured accurately, then some complexities may take place for the accounting and businesses. One of the broader ramifications that may take place for the accounting and businesses is the business organizations cannot hide any situation in which the business organization earns less profit (Grahn and Bigus 2016). Sometimes, it happens that in a particular financial year the performance of the company is down and the liabilities of the company is high. Due to this, many shareholders and investors of the company stop to invest more funds in that business (Mokhtar, Jusoh and Zulkifli 2016). Due to this, the financial health of the company becomes weaker. In order to avoid this kind of situations, the business organizations overstate the profits by showing less liability. However, if the liabilities are accurately captured, then the companies cannot overstate the profits by lowering down the liabilities (Fornaro, Lange and Lucido 2016). Hence, the actual situation will be in front of the stakeholders and that may affect the financial health of the organization negatively. The proper accounting for the liabilities of the organizations may also de-motivate the new investors or stakeholders (Alrazi and Husin 2016). If the accountants in the business organizations account accurately for the liabilities, then the actual obligations of the business will be clear to the new investors or potential investors. If the liabilities of the company are high, then the potential investors may feel that their investment will not be safe in that company (Bolla, Wittig and Kohler 2016). On the other side, the existing shareholders and investors may feel that their current investment is not secure and due to this, they may back out from the further investment. The accurate capture of the liabilities can also make the accounting for liabilities more critical. If the accountants of the companies account for the liabilities accurately, then they will require more knowledge regarding accounting techniques, classifications of liabilities and their impacts on the financial position of the company. At the same time, the accountant will also require detailed analysis of each liability, which will be more time consuming as well as costly (Grahn and Bigus 2016). Moreover, the proper accounting for the liabilities will make the accounting more complex to understand. The stakeholders especially the shareholders of the companies, who are not accounting experts, will not be able to clearly understand the accounting for the liabilities (Kahiya and Kahiya 2017). If the shareholders cannot understand the financial reports due to the accounting complexities, then the companies will not be able to convince them for investing their money in the business. This will be huge loss to the company, which will affect not only the current financial position, but also the future financial position of the company. Therefore, from the above discussion, it is clear that if the liabilities of the companies are captured accurately, then several problems or ramifications may take place. Due to the ramifications the financial position of the company may decline, which will not be acceptable to any business organization. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that the current definition of liabilities has some shortfalls due to which many problems take place within the business organizations. The major shortfalls that the study has identified in the current definition of liability are the current definition does not provide any classification of liability, though actually there are three different types of liabilities short term liabilities, long term liabilities and contingent liability. Another shortfall is not proper time span is mentioned within which the liabilities in the business organizations must be accounted. The study has shown that this shortfall sometimes confuses the accountants regarding the time within which the accounting for the liabilities must be done. Due to these different problems or shortfalls, the study has suggested that the current definition of liability must be changed and some modifications must be made in the areas where the current definition has loopholes. The study has also identified that if the liabilities of the companies are accounted properly, then also some problems or ramifications may take place. The major complexity that may take place is regarding the financial position of the companies. The study has stated that if the liabilities are accounted accurately, then the actual financial position of the company will be clear to every shareholder or investor and if the liability of the company is high, then the shareholders may not be agreed to invest their money in the company. At the same time, the accurate accounting for liability may increase the complexity of accounting. Reference list: Alrazi, B. and Husin, N.M., 2016, March. Institutional Governance Framework for Determining Carbon-related Accounting Practices: An Exploratory Study of Electricity Generating Companies in Malaysia. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science(Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 012063). IOP Publishing. Arnold, L.W., Harris, P. and Liu, M., 2016, January. CORPORATE ACCOUNTING MALFEASANCE: AN OVERVIEW. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 202). Institute for Business Finance Research. Bhasin, M.L., 2016. CREATIVE ACCOUNTING PRACTICES at Satyam: THE FRAUD METHODOLOGY REVEALED. Bolla, L., Wittig, H. and Kohler, A., 2016. The liability market value as benchmark in pension fund performance measurement.Journal of Pension Economics and Finance,15(01), pp.90-111. Cade, N.L., Ikuta, K. and Koonce, L., 2016. Assets and Liabilities: When Do They Exist?.Available at SSRN 2742336. Couch, R. and Wu, W., 2016. The fair value option for liabilities and stock returns during the financial crisis.The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,59, pp.83-98. Demerjian, P.R., Donovan, J. and Larson, C.R., 2016. Fair value accounting and debt contracting: Evidence from adoption of SFAS 159.Journal of Accounting Research. Fornaro, J.M., Lange, C.D. and Lucido, P.D., 2016. The Continuing Evolution of Accounting Alternatives for Private Companies.The CPA Journal,86(1), p.48. Grahn, A. and Bigus, J., 2016.GHG Measurement Precision, Reporting Incentives, and Environmental Liability. Working Paper. Irwin, T.C., 2016. Dispelling fiscal illusions: how much progress have governments made in getting assets and liabilities on balance sheet?.Public Money Management,36(3), pp.219-226. Jrgensen, T., 2016. Changes in External Accounting Framework and its impact on Asset Liability Management. Kahiya, E.T. and Kahiya, E.T., 2017. Export barriers as liabilities: near perfect substitutes.European Business Review,29(1), pp.61-102. Kumar, A. and Misra, P., 2016. Convergence of Accounting Standards: An Overall View.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(11). Metzger, C., 2016. Accounting of pay-as-you-go pension schemes using accrued-to-date liabilities: An example for Switzerland.FZG Discussion Papers,59. Moehrle, S.R., Franzen, L., Meckfessel, M. and Reynolds-Moehrle, J., 2016. Developments in accounting regulation: A synthesis and annotated bibliography of evidence and commentary in the 2015 academic literature.Research in Accountng Regulation,28(2), pp.96-108. Mokhtar, N., Jusoh, R. and Zulkifli, N., 2016. Corporate characteristics and environmental management accounting (EMA) implementation: evidence from Malaysian public listed companies (PLCs).Journal of Cleaner Production. Mudel, S., 2016. A Study to Show the Relation between Creative Accounting and Corporate Governance.Available at SSRN 2710567. Myers, L.P., 2016. Knowledge structures and their relevance for teaching and learning in introductory financial accounting.South African Journal of Accounting Research,30(1), pp.79-95. Oulasvirta, L., 2016. Accounting Principles. Parmar, B., 2016. Ethical Issues in Accounting Finance.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(5). Penner, J., Kreuze, J. and Langsam, S., 2016. Analysis of Simplification of Accounting Initiative for Inventory and Update of Other Simplification Proposals.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(4), pp.9-12. Ratnatunga, J., 2016. The Accounting Delusion: Faith and Trust in IFRS Reports.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,14(1), p.1. Rosen, B., 2016. Best Practices for Accounting Procedures for Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Businesses.Ariz. J. Int'l Comp. L.,33, p.317. Scott, P., 2016.Accounting for Business. Oxford University Press. Song, X., 2016. Changes in lease financing practice during lease accounting standard overhaul (2005-2014).American Journal of Finance and Accounting,4(3-4), pp.309-326. Swieringa, R.J., 2016. Memorial: Robert T. Sprouse and Fundamental Concepts of Financial Accounting.Memorial Articles for 20th Century American Accounting Leaders,49, p.378. Weidner, D.J., 2016. New FASB Rules on Accounting for Leases: A Sarbanes-Oxley Promise Delivered. Wu, C., Li, X., Li, S. and Xu, B., 2017. An Evaluation of Project Management System of Public Construction Sector in Shenzhen, China. InProceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate(pp. 563-573). Springer Singapore.

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France Essays -

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France The French Revolution was a significant milestone in European history, remembered by many in historical and literary works. The situation in France, mostly under the leadership of Louis XVI, had a negative influence in France, thus creating a perfect climate for the French Revolution. France was plagued by both debt, and poor decision making. prior to 1789. France was poverty-stricken and burdened with some of the highest debts. On the and Interior Minister Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (*The economic origins of the French revolution, pg. 4). Louis introduced some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted financial reforms. Greater reforms were prevented by the opposition of the upper classes and court. This opposition was so strong that Turgot was forced to resign and was replaced by Jauques Necker. Lengthy wars, the support to the American Revolution and the gross amount of taxes paid and the lavish spending of the court contributed to the huge national debt. The government's financial problems were made worse after 1740 by the renewal of costly wars (the French revolution, pg. 9). The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Year's War (1756-1763) were European wars over the domination of central Europe and colonial and commercial wars between France and Great Britain (*Aspects of the French Revolution pg. ). At their end, in 1763 France had lost almost all of it's colonial empire in America and India. In 1778 the French launched an attack against Britain in the American Revolution. They were hoping to weaken old rivalries and regain lost colonies. The hopes of the French were not realized and their participation in the war increased an already heavy national debt. After Louis XVI granted financial aid (1778-81) to the American colonies revolting against Great Britain, Necker proposed drastic taxes on the nobility. Necker was forced to resign in 1781 (Louis XVI and M. Antoinette ..pg 37) because of the discontentment of the people. Charles Alexandre deCalonne replaced him in 1783 and borrowed money for the court until the borrowing limit was reached (* Canadian Encyclopedia ref: france, revolution ). The anger of the French people against taxes, debt and lavish spending on the Court resulted in the recall of Necker in 1788, who still could not prevent bankruptcy of the government. During the next couple of years the financial crisis steadily worsened, because the government was bankrupt. Louis was forced to call a meeting with a delegate of the Estates-General, ( a government group consisting of representatives of the clergy, nobility and commoners). Once in the meeting the Estates-General took power of the government. One of the other causes of the national debt was at the fault of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Louis XVI was described as not overly intelligent, weak and incapable king (* Encarta, ref: Louis XVI). But he was intelligent enough to get money from the government. It was well known that Louis was more concerned with his own personal affairs than with the interests of the court and the people. Often work bored him and he left his work up to his advisors an ministers. He preferred to spend a lot time and the people's money on extravagant things, and his wife. Rather than paying back previous debts and helping the situation, he increased taxes on the peasants and spent more money, worsening the predicament. By 1787, the national debt was 112,000,000 livres (* the French Revolution, Albert... pg. 25) and continued to get worse, sharpening the national debt even more. In the time leading up into and during the French Revolution there was class tensions, often between the nobility and the peasants. There were also poor living conditions. Some say that these situations are not Louis XVI's fault but were problems he inherited with the throne. So he cannot be blamed for the events leading into the French Revolution. In this time period there were class tensions. The nobles had all the privileges and rights. The peasants were stepped on from every angle. So what made the nobles so desirable? There was glamour, distinction and recognition that the noble statues brought. They had a range of privileges that they received. Nobles took precedence on public occasions, and carried swords. (the French Revolution, sydenham, ..pg 61)They were entitled to a trial at a special courts. They also enjoyed financial advantages. They paid no duties on transferring feudal property and nobility conferred exemption from the basic tax, le taille (* Oxford, pg.

National Service Framework Essays

National Service Framework Essays National Service Framework Essay National Service Framework Essay Even with medical advancements and increased life expectancy, Diabetes remains the worlds 5th leading cause of death and the number of sufferers is said to be increasing. The health profile of Medway shows no significant difference compare to England average. It is probable that improved preventative measures should be developed. For instance whilst the overall population of Medway and Kent is predominately white, some parts of the county (particularly in the north) are more ethnically diverse. Therefore hospitals should apply policies which reflect these ethnic variations across the county. Understanding such differences enables healthcare and health promotion messages to be targeted in appropriate ways (Kent and Medway public health observatory NHS 2008). The (DoH) (2008) points out that the health profile of England shows some recent improvements in a number of critical areas for example declining mortality rates in targeted killers such as cancer and circulatory diseases. However similar successes cannot be attributed to research on diabetes, and the rates continue to rise. Although surveys can provide a useful guide, for instance a survey by the department of health drew a connection between a high prevalence of diabetes and population with greater obesity levels. In April the Secretary of State for Health launched Putting Prevention First, which set out plans for the NHS to deliver a national programme of vascular checks for everybody aged 40-74. This ambitious programme will, for the first time, carry out a systematic, integrated risk assessment of those members of the population who are most at risk and who, according to the evidence, have the biggest opportunity to benefit. Five Years on Delivering the Diabetes (NSF) (2008). When the National Service Framework standards were first published in 2001, only around 1.3 million people were diagnosed with diabetes, and it was thought that around a million had diabetes without knowing it. Since then, the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) has rewarded GP practices for the identification and treatment of people with diabetes in their area and consequently there are now almost 2 million diabetic adults recorded on practice registers. This means that around 600,000 people have been diagnosed in the last five years equivalent to 2,000 a week and are now benefiting from the support they need to manage their diabetes (NICE 2009). Care planning is a key part of managing long-term conditions, and its importance has been stated in a number of major policy documents. The final report of Lord Darzis, NHS Next Stage Review, High Quality Care for All, stresses that, over the next two years, everyone with a long-term condition should be offered a personalised care plan. In February 2008 the National Diabetes Support Team (2008) produced its guide to implementing care planning in diabetes Partners in Care and is also working with Diabetes UK and other key partners to determine ways to support the NHS in embedding the principles of care planning into the delivery of diabetes services (NSF 2008). It has been reported that Primary care is getting better at managing diabetes and one of the outstanding achievements of the Quality and Outcomes Framework is the rising numbers of diabetics receiving essential tests and measurements (for example, blood pressure and cholesterol). And better still the results of those tests have also indicated health improvements, however it is important to note, that the 2005/6 National Diabetes Audit found that not everyone is receiving every care process that they need indicating that we still have some way to go. Its also vital that the person with diabetes is provided with as much information as possible prior to their appointment, to help them use their time with the healthcare professional as well as possible. This was a theme of the final report of the NHS Next Stage Review, which acknowledged that too few people have access to information about their own care (NSF 2008). Services  There are many innovative strategies that authorities can adapt to meet the needs of different sections of the community. In Kent the community diabetes nursing team give continued care and advance throughout all stages of diabetic suffering. The team educate those newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in clinic and group settings across Medway and Swale and also run group sessions for those who need to start insulin, usually via the telephone triage system, based at Parkwood Health Centre. Home visits for the housebound are undertaken, as are visits to patients in the community and mental health wards, residential and nursing homes and Prisons. The Community Diabetes Nursing team undertake the following a wide range of duties providing in-depth advisory and educational support. National Frame work  This National Service Framework (NSF 2005) for Long-term Conditions is a key tool for delivering the governments strategy to support people with long-term conditions aiming to build on proposed changes in NHS management and commissioning to bring about a structured and systematic approach to delivering treatment and care for people with long-term conditions to improve health outcomes for people with long-term conditions by offering a personalised care plan for vulnerable people most at risk; to reduce emergency bed days by 5% by 2008 through improved care in primary care and community settings for people with long-term conditions; to improve access to services, ensuring that by 2008 no one waits more than 18 weeks from GP referral to hospital treatment, including all diagnostic procedures and tests. The (NSF 2005) fully supports the concept of choice set out in Building on the Best: Choice, responsiveness and equity in the NHS. This aims to ensure that all people have a choice of when, where and how they are treated from onset of illness until the end of life. Conclusion: This essay had shown a critical account of the health requirements of a patient suffering from a chronic medical condition highlighting the importance and the need of caring for a diabetes sufferer within the community. Mr Thompsons case had shown that as diabetic suffer and the problems he had with his foot. The appropriate treatment was essential in order to deal with his problem the involvement of a multidisciplinary team help to provide the necessary treatment to help Mr Thompson. Community Matron and the district nurse played an important role by acting on behalf of the patient who is suffering from a long term illnesses ensuring that the patient received the appropriate care they need formulating a care plan to help control his diabetes and tend to his foot ulcers. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is know to increase with age, and may be due to people at an older age becoming less active, gaining weight tends to affects their mobility and weakening their circulatory system. The Department of Health recommend that measures can be taken to improve the lives of diabetics. Although diabetes currently cannot be immediately cured, by using medication and other therapies it can be controlled. However Foot problems that are caused by diabetes signify more patients are more likely to spend more time in hospital using up hospital resources which is can be very costly. NICE guidance recommends that regular review of patients feet should be undertaken by the care from a multi-disciplinary foot care team whose aim are to identify risk factors, (Armstrong et al 1998, Edmonds et al 2004) points out the importance of eliminating or prolonging the development of ulceration and can significantly reduce the incidence of complications and amputation. The governments aims are to support people with long-term conditions by delivering recommend changes that will help people with long-term conditions. There are services within the community that provide support and education for diabetes suffers In Kent the community diabetes nursing team play major role in this time service.

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies Which lifestyle, Epicurean or Stoic, achieves the greatest amount of happiness? In his book Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics, Classicist R.W. Sharples sets out to answer this question. He  introduces readers to the fundamental ways in which happiness is created within the two philosophical perspectives, by juxtaposing the schools of thought to highlight criticisms and commonality between the two. He describes the characteristics deemed necessary to achieve happiness from each perspective, concluding that both Epicureanism and Stoicism agree with the Aristotelian belief that the sort of person one is and the lifestyle one adopts will indeed have an immediate bearing on the actions one performs. The Epicurean Road to Happiness Sharples suggests that Epicureans embrace Aristotles conception of self-love because the goal of Epicureanism is defined as  pleasure achieved through the removal of physical pain and mental anxiety. The Epicureans foundation of belief rests within three categories of desires, including  the natural and necessary,  the natural but not necessary, and  the unnatural desires. Those who follow an Epicurean worldview eliminate all non-natural desires, such as ambition to attain political power or fame because both of these desires foster anxiety. Epicureans rely on the desires that free the body from pain by providing shelter and abolishing hunger through the supply of food and water, noting that simple foods provide the same pleasure as luxurious meals because the goal of eating is to gain nourishment. Fundamentally, Epicureans believe people value the natural delights derived from sex, companionship, acceptance, and love. In practicing frugality, Epicureans possess an  awarene ss of their desires and have the capability to appreciate occasional luxuries to the fullest. Epicureans argue that  the path to securing happiness comes by withdrawing from public life and residing with close, like-minded friends. Sharples cites Plutarchs criticism of Epicureanism, which suggests that achieving happiness through withdrawal from public life neglects the desire of the human spirit to help mankind, embrace religion, and take on leadership roles and responsibility. The Stoics on Achieving Happiness Unlike the Epicureans who hold pleasure paramount,  the Stoics grant the highest importance to self-preservation, by believing that virtue and wisdom are the necessary abilities to achieve satisfaction. Stoics believe reason leads us to pursue specific things while avoiding others, in accordance with what will serve us well in the future. The Stoics declare the necessity of four beliefs in order to achieve happiness, placing the utmost importance on virtue derived from reason alone. Wealth obtained during ones lifetime utilized to perform virtuous actions and the fitness level of ones body, which determines ones natural ability to reason, both represent core beliefs of the Stoics. Lastly, regardless of the consequences, one must always perform his/her virtuous duties. By exhibiting self-control, the Stoic follower lives according to the virtues of wisdom, bravery, justice, and moderation. In contradiction to the Stoic perspective, Sharples notes Aristotles argument that virtue alon e will not create the happiest possible life, and is achieved only through the combination of virtue and external goods. Aristotles Blended View of Happiness Whereas the Stoics conception of fulfillment resides solely in virtues ability to provide contentment, the Epicurean notion of happiness is rooted in the obtainment of external goods, which vanquish hunger and bring the satisfaction of food, shelter, and companionship. By providing detailed descriptions of both Epicureanism and Stoicism, Sharples leaves the reader to conclude that the most comprehensive conception of attaining happiness combines both schools of thought; thereby, representing Aristotles belief that  happiness is obtained through a combination of virtue and external goods. Sources Stoics, Epicureans (The Hellenistic Ethics)D. Sedley and A. Longs, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Vol. I (Cambridge, 1987)J. Annas-J. Barnes, The Modes of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1985L. Groacke, Greek Scepticism, McGill Queens Univ. Press, 1990R. J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, Routledge, 1998B. Inwood, Hellenistic Philosophers, Hackett, 1988 [CYA]B.Mates, The Sceptic Way, Oxford, 1996R. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Routledge, 1998 (How can I be happy?, 82-116) [CYA]

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies Which lifestyle, Epicurean or Stoic, achieves the greatest amount of happiness? In his book Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics, Classicist R.W. Sharples sets out to answer this question. He  introduces readers to the fundamental ways in which happiness is created within the two philosophical perspectives, by juxtaposing the schools of thought to highlight criticisms and commonality between the two. He describes the characteristics deemed necessary to achieve happiness from each perspective, concluding that both Epicureanism and Stoicism agree with the Aristotelian belief that the sort of person one is and the lifestyle one adopts will indeed have an immediate bearing on the actions one performs. The Epicurean Road to Happiness Sharples suggests that Epicureans embrace Aristotles conception of self-love because the goal of Epicureanism is defined as  pleasure achieved through the removal of physical pain and mental anxiety. The Epicureans foundation of belief rests within three categories of desires, including  the natural and necessary,  the natural but not necessary, and  the unnatural desires. Those who follow an Epicurean worldview eliminate all non-natural desires, such as ambition to attain political power or fame because both of these desires foster anxiety. Epicureans rely on the desires that free the body from pain by providing shelter and abolishing hunger through the supply of food and water, noting that simple foods provide the same pleasure as luxurious meals because the goal of eating is to gain nourishment. Fundamentally, Epicureans believe people value the natural delights derived from sex, companionship, acceptance, and love. In practicing frugality, Epicureans possess an  awarene ss of their desires and have the capability to appreciate occasional luxuries to the fullest. Epicureans argue that  the path to securing happiness comes by withdrawing from public life and residing with close, like-minded friends. Sharples cites Plutarchs criticism of Epicureanism, which suggests that achieving happiness through withdrawal from public life neglects the desire of the human spirit to help mankind, embrace religion, and take on leadership roles and responsibility. The Stoics on Achieving Happiness Unlike the Epicureans who hold pleasure paramount,  the Stoics grant the highest importance to self-preservation, by believing that virtue and wisdom are the necessary abilities to achieve satisfaction. Stoics believe reason leads us to pursue specific things while avoiding others, in accordance with what will serve us well in the future. The Stoics declare the necessity of four beliefs in order to achieve happiness, placing the utmost importance on virtue derived from reason alone. Wealth obtained during ones lifetime utilized to perform virtuous actions and the fitness level of ones body, which determines ones natural ability to reason, both represent core beliefs of the Stoics. Lastly, regardless of the consequences, one must always perform his/her virtuous duties. By exhibiting self-control, the Stoic follower lives according to the virtues of wisdom, bravery, justice, and moderation. In contradiction to the Stoic perspective, Sharples notes Aristotles argument that virtue alon e will not create the happiest possible life, and is achieved only through the combination of virtue and external goods. Aristotles Blended View of Happiness Whereas the Stoics conception of fulfillment resides solely in virtues ability to provide contentment, the Epicurean notion of happiness is rooted in the obtainment of external goods, which vanquish hunger and bring the satisfaction of food, shelter, and companionship. By providing detailed descriptions of both Epicureanism and Stoicism, Sharples leaves the reader to conclude that the most comprehensive conception of attaining happiness combines both schools of thought; thereby, representing Aristotles belief that  happiness is obtained through a combination of virtue and external goods. Sources Stoics, Epicureans (The Hellenistic Ethics)D. Sedley and A. Longs, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Vol. I (Cambridge, 1987)J. Annas-J. Barnes, The Modes of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1985L. Groacke, Greek Scepticism, McGill Queens Univ. Press, 1990R. J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, Routledge, 1998B. Inwood, Hellenistic Philosophers, Hackett, 1988 [CYA]B.Mates, The Sceptic Way, Oxford, 1996R. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Routledge, 1998 (How can I be happy?, 82-116) [CYA]

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies Which lifestyle, Epicurean or Stoic, achieves the greatest amount of happiness? In his book Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics, Classicist R.W. Sharples sets out to answer this question. He  introduces readers to the fundamental ways in which happiness is created within the two philosophical perspectives, by juxtaposing the schools of thought to highlight criticisms and commonality between the two. He describes the characteristics deemed necessary to achieve happiness from each perspective, concluding that both Epicureanism and Stoicism agree with the Aristotelian belief that the sort of person one is and the lifestyle one adopts will indeed have an immediate bearing on the actions one performs. The Epicurean Road to Happiness Sharples suggests that Epicureans embrace Aristotles conception of self-love because the goal of Epicureanism is defined as  pleasure achieved through the removal of physical pain and mental anxiety. The Epicureans foundation of belief rests within three categories of desires, including  the natural and necessary,  the natural but not necessary, and  the unnatural desires. Those who follow an Epicurean worldview eliminate all non-natural desires, such as ambition to attain political power or fame because both of these desires foster anxiety. Epicureans rely on the desires that free the body from pain by providing shelter and abolishing hunger through the supply of food and water, noting that simple foods provide the same pleasure as luxurious meals because the goal of eating is to gain nourishment. Fundamentally, Epicureans believe people value the natural delights derived from sex, companionship, acceptance, and love. In practicing frugality, Epicureans possess an  awarene ss of their desires and have the capability to appreciate occasional luxuries to the fullest. Epicureans argue that  the path to securing happiness comes by withdrawing from public life and residing with close, like-minded friends. Sharples cites Plutarchs criticism of Epicureanism, which suggests that achieving happiness through withdrawal from public life neglects the desire of the human spirit to help mankind, embrace religion, and take on leadership roles and responsibility. The Stoics on Achieving Happiness Unlike the Epicureans who hold pleasure paramount,  the Stoics grant the highest importance to self-preservation, by believing that virtue and wisdom are the necessary abilities to achieve satisfaction. Stoics believe reason leads us to pursue specific things while avoiding others, in accordance with what will serve us well in the future. The Stoics declare the necessity of four beliefs in order to achieve happiness, placing the utmost importance on virtue derived from reason alone. Wealth obtained during ones lifetime utilized to perform virtuous actions and the fitness level of ones body, which determines ones natural ability to reason, both represent core beliefs of the Stoics. Lastly, regardless of the consequences, one must always perform his/her virtuous duties. By exhibiting self-control, the Stoic follower lives according to the virtues of wisdom, bravery, justice, and moderation. In contradiction to the Stoic perspective, Sharples notes Aristotles argument that virtue alon e will not create the happiest possible life, and is achieved only through the combination of virtue and external goods. Aristotles Blended View of Happiness Whereas the Stoics conception of fulfillment resides solely in virtues ability to provide contentment, the Epicurean notion of happiness is rooted in the obtainment of external goods, which vanquish hunger and bring the satisfaction of food, shelter, and companionship. By providing detailed descriptions of both Epicureanism and Stoicism, Sharples leaves the reader to conclude that the most comprehensive conception of attaining happiness combines both schools of thought; thereby, representing Aristotles belief that  happiness is obtained through a combination of virtue and external goods. Sources Stoics, Epicureans (The Hellenistic Ethics)D. Sedley and A. Longs, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Vol. I (Cambridge, 1987)J. Annas-J. Barnes, The Modes of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1985L. Groacke, Greek Scepticism, McGill Queens Univ. Press, 1990R. J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, Routledge, 1998B. Inwood, Hellenistic Philosophers, Hackett, 1988 [CYA]B.Mates, The Sceptic Way, Oxford, 1996R. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Routledge, 1998 (How can I be happy?, 82-116) [CYA]

The Subculture of Nerds and Their Rise to Stardom Research Paper

The Subculture of Nerds and Their Rise to Stardom - Research Paper Example Cultural divisions between nerds and popular culture a) The fact that there is certain music, movies, and other interests that are viewed as being solely for nerds. The Treatment of Nerds 1. Bullying Nerds a) The lack of effectiveness in the solutions for picking on nerds that the educational system ash offered and reasons why their actions continue to ineffective. The Nerds’ Status Change 1. Cause of the increased popularity of nerds a) The appearance of the sexy, rich nerd and explanations for the growth in popularity of the nerd subculture Conclusion The Subculture of Nerds and Their Rise to Stardom Introduction Subcultures define the state of high school society. While the identification with a set subculture often fades from a person’s definition of themselves after high school, some people stay members of their groups. Subcultures themselves have a continuation past the school years and emerge in mainstream society. While for some subcultures there is no particula r judgment of being good or bad, there are many subcultures to which many would hesitantly subscribe because of the negative way people in that group are perceived. Nerds, in particular, are a subculture to which the members often have been assigned without their choosing. On the opposite side of judgment stands the popular crowd. Usually, it is the popular subculture that is responsible for the many social ills from which those deemed nerds suffer. Being considered good, they judge against all that are not like them. It is members of this group that give labels to the others. Many who are called nerds would rather not be called thusly. Nerd has been a term used in teasing and still persists in modern bullying. Yet, even with all the persecution that those who are considered nerds must bear, this subculture has received some promotion in today’s society. Being once only a group to be despised, the nerds have actually won fans and there are some who now enjoy being members of this subculture, proudly wearing the label that they have been ascribed. An investigation into the nerds as a subculture cannot effectively be completed without defining just what a nerd is. There are actually many different meanings of the word. For some, a nerd is a special group which is set apart from others whose members display a greater than normal intelligence. Yet, for others it is a name that can be used interchangeably with others. In explaining the stereotype of the nerd, it has been said, â€Å"The stock character nerd is typically depicted as a white male with glasses and large sets of obscure data committed to memory† (Stauffer, 2009). Indeed, media would depict a nerd the same. The controversy lies in making the distinction between the nerds and a similar subculture called ‘geeks’. For many it seems ridiculous to make a distinction between a geek and a nerd, as it has been stated, â€Å"They are called â€Å"nerds,† â€Å"dweebs,† à ¢â‚¬Å"dorks,† â€Å"geeks,† â€Å"brainiacs,† and â€Å"computer jocks† (Kinney, 1993: p.21). All of these names are generally meant to imply someone who is socially inapt and has an above average interest in things like science, math, science fiction, computers, and the like. However, there has been some distinction made. For example, from an interview performed it was quoted, " 'Nerd' is a stickier term that is applied to people in a more negative way," Kendall said. â€Å"

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Essay - 4

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of binding precedent engage with this structure - Essay Example The structure of the courts that lie along all the three jurisdiction are always arranged in accordance to the cases subject matter that have been brought before the court instead of the source of the laws that will be applied in making rulings to the cases. The latter formed a strong basis for a great deal in the whole court structure in England and wales until towards the end of the nineteen-century, but some influence is still seen to date. All the other courts in the hierarchical structure of the legal system are bound to any decision and judgments made by the House of Lords. Despite this bond, the decision is only exempted to the House of Lords rulings itself. Previously, the House of Lords used to be bound to its decisions that were made in previous rulings until the practice was changed back in the year nineteen sixty-six. The old practice rationale was that the decision made by the highest court in the country was meant to be final so that certainty in the law would be and henceforth finality in litigation. However, due to changes seen in the social conditions, the law was changed. The current practice, therefore, enables the highest court that is the House of Lords to adapt to the laws of England and wales so that it can be able to meet the ever-changing social conditions. In addition, to enable the structure to be able to pay its attention to the decisions made by the superior courts within the commonwealth. The freedom bestowed upon the House of Lords currently to change its decision that it made previously creates recognition that law, whether it has been expressed in cases or printed in statutes, is considered to be living. Because of this, institutions must change to adapt to the circumstances under which these laws apply if practical relevance of the laws is to be retained. The court of appeal lies second in the ranking of the courts.

Contractual Law: A Look at John and Chen Essay -- contract law, case st

a) What arguments could Chen use to support his refusal to pay John more than the original agreed price? A valid contract that is legally enforceable should consist of an offer, an acceptance, an intention to be bound and a sufficient consideration. Accordingly, the first contract formed by Chen and John includes John’s agreement to build for Chen extension of the house in consideration of payment of the price of building materials as per the date of completion of performance of the contract and labor costs of $6000 at the performance of the contract. First and foremost Chen needs to understand that this was the original contract and both him and John were legally bounded by the contract. By changing the terms of agreement, John made a counter offer a fact that Chen could use in his justification for refusal of payment. This is evident as John proposed a new term in the contract by demanding a payment of $10,000 or not doing the job as agreed in the original contract. A counter offer changes the terms of the original contract and at this time Chen had the right he terminate the contract due to John’s counter offer. As a matter of fact, it is worth noting that a counter offer fails to exist if the offeree accepts the new terms of the contract as Chen did but Chen can use it to argue that John had no intention to be bound by the original contract (Koffman and Mcdonald, 2007). Duress occurs in a contract when one party is made to engage in a contract that he otherwise did not want to engage in due to blackmails, threats of bring actual harm, and threats of withdrawal from the contract at the time it is urgently needed. The two types of duress currently existing is physical duress and economic duress and Chen can use econ... ...n argue that failure of his completion of the contract in time was out of circumstances that he could not control. In addition, John can argue that the breach of the term of completion of the building at June was contributed by Chens’s reluctance of acceptance of the second offer. References Books Adams, A. (2010). Law for Business Students. London, U.K : Longman Koffman, L. & MacDonald, E., (2007) The Law of Contract (6th Edition) : Oxford University Press, McKenDrick, E. (2005). Contract Law Text,. Cases and Materials (2nd Edition): Oxford University Press, Cases Bank of Australia Limited v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 Goldsbrough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) 10 CLR 674, Integrated Computer Services Pty Ltd v Digital Equipment Corp (Aust) Pty Ltd (1988) 5 BPR 11,110). Smith v William Charlick [1924] 34 CLR 38 The Mihalis Angelos [1970] 3 WLR 601