Contractual Law: A Look at John and Chen Essay -- contract law, case st

a) What arguments could Chen use to support his refusal to pay John more than the original agreed price? A valid contract that is legally enforceable should consist of an offer, an acceptance, an intention to be bound and a sufficient consideration. Accordingly, the first contract formed by Chen and John includes John’s agreement to build for Chen extension of the house in consideration of payment of the price of building materials as per the date of completion of performance of the contract and labor costs of $6000 at the performance of the contract. First and foremost Chen needs to understand that this was the original contract and both him and John were legally bounded by the contract. By changing the terms of agreement, John made a counter offer a fact that Chen could use in his justification for refusal of payment. This is evident as John proposed a new term in the contract by demanding a payment of $10,000 or not doing the job as agreed in the original contract. A counter offer changes the terms of the original contract and at this time Chen had the right he terminate the contract due to John’s counter offer. As a matter of fact, it is worth noting that a counter offer fails to exist if the offeree accepts the new terms of the contract as Chen did but Chen can use it to argue that John had no intention to be bound by the original contract (Koffman and Mcdonald, 2007). Duress occurs in a contract when one party is made to engage in a contract that he otherwise did not want to engage in due to blackmails, threats of bring actual harm, and threats of withdrawal from the contract at the time it is urgently needed. The two types of duress currently existing is physical duress and economic duress and Chen can use econ... ...n argue that failure of his completion of the contract in time was out of circumstances that he could not control. In addition, John can argue that the breach of the term of completion of the building at June was contributed by Chens’s reluctance of acceptance of the second offer. References Books Adams, A. (2010). Law for Business Students. London, U.K : Longman Koffman, L. & MacDonald, E., (2007) The Law of Contract (6th Edition) : Oxford University Press, McKenDrick, E. (2005). Contract Law Text,. Cases and Materials (2nd Edition): Oxford University Press, Cases Bank of Australia Limited v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 Goldsbrough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) 10 CLR 674, Integrated Computer Services Pty Ltd v Digital Equipment Corp (Aust) Pty Ltd (1988) 5 BPR 11,110). Smith v William Charlick [1924] 34 CLR 38 The Mihalis Angelos [1970] 3 WLR 601

Government Intervention and Internet Regulation Essay

Government Intervention and Internet Regulation Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers together and allows people to communicate and share information with each other in an effective and easy way. It has become the most widely used means of communications of recent times. â€Å"The number of U. S. homes with one or more personal computers increased by 16% (in 1995) to about 38 million households, up from 33 million in 1994 and 25 million in 1993† (Fox 9). Along with that staggering stat, the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science has reported that 95% of the public has access to the Internet† (â€Å"Free Essay†). Internet is filled with a lot of information on almost every topic in the world and anyone can access that information anytime he or she wants and most often that information is available for free. The very fact that everything is so easily available over the internet has become a cause of great concern because people can access information that they are not supposed to view. This has given the rise to a great debate over the use internet regulation versus the concept of net neutrality. â€Å"Internet regulation is basically restricting or controlling access to certain aspects or information† (â€Å"Internet Regulation†). The proponents of regulation argue that some form of government intervention is necessary to keep a check on the information people access over the internet because that information might be a source of harm for the society in general. Whereas on the other hand, the proponents of concept of net neutrality state that if a person pays for his internet access, then there should be no restrictions on the content that he can view. Because internet is filled with all sorts of information and anyone can access unsuitable information at anytime, some sort of government intervention is necessary in the form of internet regulation to uphold the morals of the society. There are several ways through which internet can be regulated. Government can make use of the â€Å"state control approach† to â€Å"intervene directly and place technical controls on the content that can be accessed by their citizens† (Darlington). â€Å"A classic case is Saudi Arabia where all of the country’s Internet service providers have to go through a central node where the Saudi authorities block access to sites hosting pornography, those believed to cause religious offence, and web sites containing information on bomb-making† (Darlington). Another form of regulation, â€Å"the self regulation approach† is based on â€Å"voluntary initiatives by the Internet Service Providers (ISP) industry† (Darlington). As per this approach, the ISPs try to control the type of content available to the customers and they keep a check on information being accessed over the internet. â€Å"Classically this is the approach in Britain where there is no written constitution and government has shown no wish to legislate† (Darlington). And perhaps the most commonly used and widely accepted form of regulation is the use of filtering techniques through which access to some parts of the information can be controlled for some particular users. For example, parents can use filters to restrict their children from viewing inappropriate explicit content. One of the arguments for having regulation is that internet can be accessed by anyone. Initially, it was supposed to cater to the needs of the American military establishments. Then its uses spread over to the academic communities and today it can be accessed by any individuals from any country and belonging to any age group. For example, a child can easily view inappropriate content from his bedroom at any time he wants. This should not happen because that material can corrupt the mind of that child and can have some serious negative effects. â€Å"As the speed of the Internet increased dramatically with the development of broadband access in the late 1990s and early 2000s, not only has more of this type of information become more available, but also users have been able to access this information in greater quantity† (â€Å"Internet Legal Definition†). So in such circumstances, â€Å"we must have some procedures for tackling illegal content on the Internet and some mechanisms for allowing end user control of what is accessed on the Internet† (Darlington). â€Å"It is argued that the genesis of the Internet was such that it embraced and fostered a new spirit of freedom, openness and experimentation and that these values must remain an integral feature of the Internet† and if any form of regulation is introduced then the whole essence of the internet will be lost and people would not be able to access the vast resources of information that it has to offer (Darlington). The opponents of regulation also argue that any form of internet regulation is against the individual’s rights to freedom of expression and the concept of net neutrality because in such a scenario a person may not be able to choose the content he wants to view. However, it should be clearly understood that society is greater than a single person and if such rights of freedom cause harm to the values of the society as a whole, then it is perhaps the responsibility of the government to intervene and restrict the rights given to every individual in order to maintain those values. There is offensive content on the internet†, so this justifies the use of internet restrictions (Darlington). Internet is filled with explicit content. There are thousands of websites that contain pornographic materials which is considered inappropriate for minors and mostly this content is available for free, so there is no additional cost of viewing it besides the charges paid to the ISP. â€Å" Also there are some sites which propagate extremist views, often of a racist nature† (Darlington). Though such explicit material is legal to be viewed by an individual of a certain age which in most countries is set at 18, there is no one particular way of making sure that it is not viewed by anyone under this age because individuals can mislead the system and hide correct personal information. So in such a scenario, the most effective way for individuals who have responsibility of the children, like parents and teachers, is to limit the access to such material through the use of filters. These filters allow censorship of inappropriate material using the ratings provided by the websites. However, it should be kept in mind that this censorship technique â€Å"enable adults to control their own access to material so they do not stumble across things (advertising, violence, erotica/pornography, religious or political material etc. ), which offend them† (â€Å"Internet Regulation†). So in a way it is a matter of personal choice and responsibility which gives an individual the power to choose what he views because one can easily change filter settings to control the type of content available to him. Despite all the great uses provided by the internet, it is used by some people for illegal purposes; therefore, the use of regulation is justified because â€Å"a stringent internet regulation can help to curb the innumerable illegal activities over the net† (Manohar). Examples of such criminal activities include â€Å"copyright theft, credit card fraud, financial scams, money laundering, hacking, industrial espionage, cyber terrorism, actual terrorism, bomb making instructions, prostitution, certain forms of gambling, drug use, drug smuggling, suicide assistance, defamatory allegations, cyber stalking† (Darlington). In recent times, people have started to complain about the ever increasing number of spam emails that are sent over the internet. â€Å"The number of spam messages sent increased nearly 300 percent from 2001 to 2002 — from 14,078,511 to 55,683,103, according to e-mail filtering company Brightmail† ( Kornblum). â€Å"Spam refers to submitting the same message to a large group of individuals in an effort to force the message onto people who would otherwise choose not to receive this message† (â€Å"Spam†). In order to ensure that people do not indulge in such criminal activities and the society remains unharmed, the government must intervene to stop any of these activities from taking place by imposing restrictions. Some people argue that the internet is an enormous network which is growing rapidly as time progresses, so it is not possible to regulate the internet. The argument provided here is flawed because the fact that the internet is so large makes regulating it more difficult, but because it is difficult it does not mean that it should not be regulated. Some also argue that because â€Å"internet is different in operation from other communication networks†, so it should not be regulated (Darlington). â€Å"Whereas radio and television is pumped into millions of homes simultaneously (push technology), the Internet is an interactive medium and requires a particular user actively to seek a particular site or application (pull technology)† (Darlington). The very nature of the way in which the end user consumes the internet makes a good argument for having some sort of formal restrictions. In the case of radio and television, there are certain restrictions on the amount of violence and sex that goes through. So even if an individual wants to see something â€Å"special†, there is absolutely no way in which he can do that if nothing such is broadcast at that time, but the case of internet is quite different. A person can view anything, anytime and anywhere he wants. Therefore, regulation acts as a great measure to ensure that a check is maintained over the usage of the internet. Some people even argue that it is not the responsibility of the government to protect the children against the inappropriate content that is available over the internet because it has got other tasks to take care of and instead â€Å"those responsible for them at the time – parents, teachers, guardians, supervisors – should control what they access on the Internet† (Darlington). â€Å"While children and teenagers need a certain amount of privacy, they also need parental involvement and supervision in their daily lives† (â€Å"Free Essay†). One way suggested by these people requires the parents to spend time with their children when they are online so that they can keep a check on what their children are accessing. But this kind of total control can not be exercised by those responsible for children because they can not be present at all times. Furthermore, internet can now easily be accessed on mobile devices so it can be easily misused and in the case of a school where a teacher has to look after a lot of students, it is practically impossible for her to monitor the activities of each student at the same time. So â€Å"while parents and teachers must exercise responsibility, they should be assisted by other approaches including the taking down of sites with criminal content and the filtering of sites with offensive or inappropriate content† (Darlington). The debate over the topic of internet regulation versus the concept of net neutrality has become a great issue these days because of the ever growing increase in the usage of the internet and its implications on the society in general.

Questions and Answers on Organizational Behavior - 5820 Words

Week 3 Page 169 Think of a time when you observed negative behavior by one of your colleagues at work or a fellow student in a team project. Now use Figure 6 1 to diagnose the causes of this behavior. What could a manager or project team leader have done to correct this behavior? I once did a project involving a classmate who did not attend team meetings and turned in his contributions late. When asked about his neglect, he said that it is not a big deal because its only a class. I believe this classmate lacked motivation because of the lack of extrinsic rewards present in the situation. He probably reasoned that he was not going to be paid for his work, so he shouldnt bother. What this classmate lacked was intrinsic motivation to test ones knowledge and skill. Which of the three conceptually different types of job design is most likely to be used in the future? Explain your rationale. I believe that Job Enlargement is the job design strategy that meets the most pressing demands of the immediate future. Job enlargement entails the addition of a wider variety of tasks and responsibilities into an employees job to keep them engaged and motivated. However, job enlargement also has a key incentive for supervisors. It allows supervisors to delegate a wider array of company responsibilities and needs to a single employee, reducing transaction costs associated with coordination and possibly streamlining the companys workforce. Have you ever observed someone exhibitingShow MoreRelatedDrop Box Application and Organizational Behavior Theory, Questions and Answers2837 Words   |  11 PagesPart 1: Organizational Issue From its birth, Dropbox has been known for its light-hearted consumer product, cutesy drawings on its website, and some may call it, immature attitude. It’s not a far stretch to say business consumers did not take Dropbox’s mascot, an AK-47 wielding T-Rex riding a shark, with a bald eagle on its back, seriously, which did not bode well for the company’s future. It was time for Dropbox to â€Å"grow up.† Businesses needed to know that Dropbox could be â€Å"secure, scalable, andRead Moreorganizational behaviour1261 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior MG6013 The exploration of the theories, research and practices that allow a better understanding of human behavior in organizations. 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End- or Endo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes

The prefix (end- or endo-) means within, inside or internal. Examples Endobiotic (endo-biotic) - referring to a parasite or symbiotic organism that lives within the tissues of its host. Endocardium (endo-cardium) - inner membrane lining of the heart that also covers heart valves and is continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels. Endocarp (endo-carp) - the hard inner layer of pericarp that forms the pit of ripened fruit. Endocrine (endo-crine) - refers to the secretion of a substance internally. It also refers to glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones  directly into the blood. Endocytosis (endo-cytosis) - transport of substances into a cell. Endoderm (endo-derm) - inner germ layer of a developing embryo that forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Endoenzyme (endo-enzyme) - an enzyme that acts internally to a cell. Endogamy (endo-gamy) - internal fertilization between flowers of the same plant. Endogenous (endo-genous) - produced, synthesized or caused by factors within an organism. Endolymph (endo-lymph) - the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Endometrium (endo-metrium) - inner mucous membrane layer of the uterus. Endomitosis (endo-mitosis) - a form of internal mitosis in which chromosomes replicate, however the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis do not occur. It is a form of endoreduplication. Endomixis (endo-mixis) - reorganization of the nucleus that occurs within the cell in some protozoans. Endomorph (endo-morph) - an individual with a heavy body type predominated by tissue derived from the endoderm. Endophyte (endo-phyte) - a plant parasite or other organism that lives within a plant. Endoplasm (endo-plasm) - the inner portion of the cytoplasm in some cells such as protozoans. Endorphin (endo-dorphin) - a hormone produced within an organism that acts as a neurotransmitter to reduce the perception of pain. Endoskeleton (endo-skeleton) - an organisms internal skeleton. Endosperm (endo-sperm) - tissue within the seed of an angiosperm that nourishes the developing plant embryo. Endospore (endo-spore) - an inner wall of a plant spore or pollen grain. It also refers to a non-reproductive spore produced by some bacteria and algae. Endothelium (endo-thelium) - thin layer of epithelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and heart cavities. Endotherm (endo-therm) - an organism that generates heat internally to maintain constant body temperature.

Article Summary And Reflection On Representation - 1636 Words

Article Summary and Reflection on Representation†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Naomi de Szegheo-Lang†¨Destiny Simpson - 213121447†¨October 16th, 2014†¨GWST2511 6.00†¨Section A Term Y†¨ INTRODUCTION†¨ Popularity contests are often notable within the modren media industry. This composed report will outline The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception, composed by Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer with the below objectives. It will investigate representations of Gender and Race. As well, it will provide primary focus on key concepts, such as, â€Å"Mass Production† and â€Å"Culture Industry† . The above will be finished in detail while utilizing Don Scardino s series arrangement: 2 Broke Girls as an essential case/ spotlight and both Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer’s The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨SUMMARY†¨ A main concern of The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception is the expression of what is viewed as a Culture Industry. The term Culture Industry is expected to allude to the business showcasing of society, the spectrum of the industry that deals particularly with the generation of society that is rather than what’s considered to beAuthentic Culture. In The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception both Horkheimer and Adorno argue that mechanically delivered society denies individuals of their creative ability and assumes control over their reasoning for them. The Culture Industry conveys the products. In turnShow MoreRelatedMisrepresentation Of Adult Men And Women731 Words   |  3 PagesThis purpose of this article and study is to investigate the photographic representation of adult men and women in their indicative areas of power in the fifty years of issues of the Music Edicators Journal. 1 Within the disaggregated data are found inequitable representations of females in comparison with males. 2 Data not only included quantitative and qualitative elements, but also used photographs as part of the data to give credence to this misrepresentation of the female. 3 As the various categoriesRead MoreMajor Economic Journal : Business And Economics Journal907 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness and Economics Journal The first journal I found was Business and Economics Journal which is an open access publisher. 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I believe that culture has instilled generalized perceptions about gender and I want my students

Natural Disaster in Bangladesh Free Essays

A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard. Bangladesh, a country in southern Asia that is home to 140 million people, is widely known as a land of natural disasters. It is highly vulnerable to floods, famine, drought, earthquake, cyclones, and river erosions. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disaster in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the effects of these disasters, the country is now permanently in distress. These disasters have become regular phenomena and have been causing suffering to millions of residents for many decades. Natural Disasters are occurring every year in our country.And so found to suffering in it. In Bangladesh Natural Disasters can be of many different kinds, but We suffer most, Some of this like floods, cyclones, earthquake and river erosions. The similarity in all is their massive destruction in the area of their occurrence. In the wake of all these, in one sweep there is complete devastation and destruction, due to which normal life comes to a standstill. Loss of life is well high complete, and belongings of people get lost, blown away or swept away.In Bangladesh we depends on the annual rainfall for our source of water, if there is no rain, for the water supply, the obvious famine comes in its wake. This condition of getting no rain is called drought, and with it, as its automatic corollary comes famine. For with the scarcity of water there is no vegetation and food scarcity follows. The crops get burnt up with heat, the earth gets parched for water, and all life comes in End. Just the opposite condition occurs when there is a flood. A flood is another from of a natural Disaster.High rise buildings start as if floating in water, men, livestock, and materials get an opportunity of floating, swimming and even drowning. If this flood is accompanied with a storm then there is no panacea for the sufferers. With the impact of the strong breeze, trees get uprooted and there appears no hope for the survival of life. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water.Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area. Regarding an earthquake it is now seeing to happened in Bangladesh, the earth cracks and creeps with the huge solid face of the earth moving and causes massive destruction as of the other Disasters.The result of this swing like action of the earth is, the occurrence of cracks big and small in different places and, the falling of huge high rise buildings. In recent days Cyclone in most founded Disaster in Bangladesh. Once a cyclone has hit any place they place is destroyed and all supplies for food and water will be gone. People can die because the water has toxic waste in it so they get warnings before the cyclone has hit. In Past we can found that we had suffered in Cyclone. 1989,90,94,96,99,2000,2000,2007,2008,2009 Are most of them. Mahfuz How to cite Natural Disaster in Bangladesh, Papers

Limitations of Interpersonal Communciation Research Essay Example For Students

Limitations of Interpersonal Communciation Research Essay Word Count: 674 When taking a limit of an equation in Calculus, a limit does not always exist. However, in the real word there are always limitations to what people can accomplish no matter how hard they work or try. These limitations are evident in interpersonal commuciation research as well. In the article, Commucication Apprehension Among Secretarial Students, the authors, Melanie Booth-Butterfield and Carol C. Thomas, research and examine the levels of trait communication apprehension among students enrolled in college level office administration programs. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the process and two limitations of the research. In the article, the authors seek to investigate communication apprehension among secretarial students. Communication apprehension is an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with communicationg with others (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). The methodological framework utilitized by the authors was to administer questionnaires during regular class time in four different sections. This survey included a measure of trait communication apprehension and anxiety across four different areas of interpersonal, small group, meeting and public speaking. In addition, the questionnaire asked for the age and whether the participants have had experience in a co-op role or as a secretary for a regular business. The participants of the questionaire were 117 random students enrolled at a four-year, technical business-oriented college. Of these students, 58 were female students enrolled full-time in office administration courses. The remaining students were not secretarial students but were enrolled in business administration, management, and communication courses. The results of the survey clearly showed a higher communication apprehension among secretarial students than non-secretarial students rergardless of age or job experience. Furthermore, secretarial students showed anxiety in all four areas of communication especially in public speaking. In conlusion to the research, the authors say that the anxiety experienced by many office adminstration students should be observable and will substatntively influence their performance in classes and on the job (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). Although this communication apprehension research seems reasonable, limitations include the type of data used and the relationships or generalizations that are drawn between certain variables. To begin with, the methodological framework utilized by the author is in the form of a questionairre. A questionairre is basically a test to see how one thinks of his or herself and is not necessarily accurate. For example, an individual may think he or she is apprehensive to communication but when actually confronted with the scenerio may perform rather well and without any fear or anxiety. Perhaps a better methodological approach in gathering data is to setup an actual communication setting and have the participants perform to the communication task. The data should be based on the performance as well as feedback from the participant to see if the communication apprehension was accurate. Another limitation to the research is the relationships or generalizations that are drawn between certain variables. First, of the secretarial participants that took the questionairre, all were females. Differences in trait communication apprehension between males and females in the non-secretarial group were examined and showed no significant differences (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 42). The authors use this data and draw a relationship between the secretarial and non-secretarial gender to say that in general there are no gender differences. However, accurate as it may sound, this is another limitation because secretarial students in general may think differently. Perhaps females with communication apprehension follow office administrative fields because they think that all they need to do is sit all day and type with little talk or interaction while males in the same field do not. Secondly, the authors come to the immediate generalization that these secretarial students with communication apprehension will be less successful once in a working environment others (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 43). This parallels the first limitation where I stated that these individuals might perform rather well when the spotlight is on them. .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .postImageUrl , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:visited , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:active { border:0!important; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:active , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: youth violence Essay Although they may be apprehensive to communication does not necessarily mean that they cannot perform under actual situations. In this paper I have discussed the authors research on communication apprehension among secretarial students as well as the limitations of the research. Booth-Butterfield and Thomas give us their interpretations of their findings and feel that secretarial students have greater anxiety when it comes to communication scenerios. They even conclude that this apprehension will make these students less capable of success in future work environments. However, these statements are based on generalizations and interpretations from research with various limitations. In conclusion, there are always limitations of interpersonal communication research because it not like Mathematics where one can just measure communication levels with a ruler. .